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Adult Still's disease
Definition
Adult Still's disease is a rare illness that causes high fevers, rash, and joint pain. It may lead to long-term (chronic) arthritis.
Still's disease is a severe version of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), which occurs in children. Adults can have the same condition, though much less commonly.
The adult disease is now more commonly called adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD).
Alternative Names
Still's disease - adult; AOSD
Causes
Fewer than 1 out of 100,000 people develop adult Still's disease each year. It affects women more often than men.
Still's disease that occurs in children is called systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
The cause of adult Still's disease is unknown. No risk factors for the disease have been identified.
Symptoms
Almost all patients will have fever, joint pain, sore throat, and a rash.
- Joint pain, warmth, and swelling are common. Usually, several joints are involved at the same time. Often, patients have morning stiffness of joints that lasts for several hours.
- The fever usually comes on quickly once per day, most commonly in the afternoon or evening.
- The skin rash is typically salmon-pink colored and comes and goes with the fever.
Additional symptoms include:
- Abdominal pain and swelling
- Pain with a deep breath (pleurisy)
- Sore throat
- Swollen lymph nodes (glands)
- Weight loss
Occasionally, the spleen or liver may become swollen. Lung and heart inflammation may occur.
Exams and Tests
Adult Still's disease can only be diagnosed after other diseases are ruled out. You may need many medical tests before a final diagnosis is made.
A physical exam may reveal a fever, rash, and arthritis. The health care provider will use a stethoscope to listen for changes in the sound of your heart or lungs.
The following blood tests can be helpful in diagnosing adult Still's disease:
- Complete blood count (CBC) may show a high number of white blood cells and reduced number of red blood cells.
- C-reactive protein (CRP), a measure of inflammation, will be higher than normal.
- ESR (sedimentation rate), a measure of inflammation, will be higher than normal.
- Ferritin level will be very high.
- Fibrinogen level will be high.
- Liver function tests will show high levels of AST and ALT.
- Rheumatoid factor and ANA test will be negative.
Other tests may be needed to check for inflammation of the joints, chest, liver, and spleen:
- Abdominal ultrasound
- CT scan of the abdomen
- X-rays of the joints, chest, or stomach area (abdomen)
Treatment
The goal of treatment for adult Still's disease is to control the symptoms of arthritis. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, are usually the first treatment used.
Prednisone may be used for more severe cases.
If the disease persists for a long time (becomes chronic), medicines that suppress the immune system might be needed. Such medicines include:
- Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor agonist)
- Methotrexate
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists such as Enbrel (etanercept)
Outlook (Prognosis)
Studies show that in about 20% of patients, all symptoms go away in a year and never come back. In about 30% of patients, all symptoms go away but then come back several times over the next few years.
Symptoms continue for a long time (chronic) in about half of patients with adult Still's disease.
Possible Complications
- Arthritis in several joints
- Liver disease
- Pericarditis
- Pleural effusion
- Spleen enlargement
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of adult Still's disease.
If you have already been diagnosed with the condition, you should call your health care provider if you have a cough or difficulty breathing.
References
Harris ED, Budd RC, Genovese MC, Firestein GS, Sargent JS, Sledge CB. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2005:1047-1048.
Pay S, Turkcapar N, Kalyoncu M, et al. A multicenter study of patients with adult-onset Still's disease compared with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:639-644.
Efthimiou P, Paik PK, Bielory L. Diagnosis and management of adult onset Still's disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(5):564-572.
Kadar J, Petrovicz E. Adult-onset Still's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18(5):663-676.
Reviewed By: Michael E. Makover, MD, professor and attending in Rheumatology at the New York University Medical Center, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
