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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Definition
Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term for infection of the uterus lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.
See also: Endometritis
Alternative Names
PID; Oophoritis; Salpingitis; Salpingo-oophoritis; Salpingo-peritonitis
Causes
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occurs when bacteria move from the vagina or cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or pelvis.
Most cases of PID are due to the bacteria that cause chlamydia and gonorrhea. These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The most common way a woman develops PID is by having unprotected sex with someone who has a sexually transmitted infection.
However, bacteria may also enter the body during some surgical or office procedures, such as:
- Childbirth
- Endometrial biopsy
- Insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD)
- Miscarriage
- Therapeutic or elective abortion
In the United States, nearly 1 million women develop PID each year. About 1 in 8 sexually active adolescent girls will develop PID before age 20.
You are more likely to develop PID if you have:
- A male sexual partner with gonorrhea or chlamydia
- Multiple sexual partners
- Past history of any sexually transmitted infection
- Past history of PID
- Recent insertion of an IUD
- Sexual activity during adolescence
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of PID include:
- Fever (not always present; may come and go)
- Pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or sometimes the lower back
- Vaginal discharge with abnormal color, texture, or smell
Other symptoms that may occur with PID:
- Bleeding after intercourse
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Frequent or painful urination
- Increased menstrual cramping
- Irregular menstrual bleeding or spotting
- Lack of appetite
- Nausea, with or without vomiting
- No menstruation
- Painful sexual intercourse
Note: There may be no symptoms. People who experience an ectopic pregnancy or infertility often have had silent PID, which is usually caused by chlamydia infection.
Exams and Tests
You may have a fever and abdominal tenderness. A pelvic examination may show:
- A cervix that bleeds easily
- Cervical discharge
- Pain with movement of the cervix
- Tenderness in the uterus or ovaries
Lab tests that look for signs of infection are:
Other tests include:
- Culture of your vagina or cervix to look for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other causes of PID
- Pelvic ultrasound or CT scan to look for other causes of your symptoms, such as appendicitis or pregnancy, and to look for abscesses or pockets of infection around the tubes and ovaries
- Serum HCG (pregnancy test)
Treatment
Your doctor will often start you on antibiotics while waiting for your test results.
If you are diagnosed with milder PID, you will usually be given an antibiotic injection or shot, and then sent home with antibiotic pills to take for up to 2 weeks. You will need to closely follow up with your health care provider.
More severe cases of PID may require you to stay in the hospital. Antibiotics are first given by IV, and then later by mouth. Which antibiotic is used depends on the type of infection.
A number of different antibiotics may be used for treating this type of infection. Some are safe in pregnant women. See gonorrhea or chlamydia for specific treatment recommendations.
Sexual partners must be treated to prevent passing the infection back and forth. You and your partner must finish all of the antibiotics. Use condoms until you both have finished taking your antibiotics.
Complicated cases that do not improve with antibiotics may need surgery.
Possible Complications
PID infections can cause scarring of the pelvic organs, possibly leading to:
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Infertility
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if:
- You have symptoms of PID
- You think you have been exposed to a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
- Treatment for a current STI does not seem to be working
Prevention
Preventive measures include:
- Get prompt treatment for STIs.
- Practice safer sex behaviors. The only absolute way to prevent an STI is to not have sex (abstinence). Having a sexual relationship with only one person (monogamous) can reduce the risk. Use a condom every time you have sex. (See: Safe sex)
You can reduce the risk of PID by getting regular STI screening exams. Couples can be tested before starting to have sex. Testing can detect infections that are not yet causing symptoms.
All sexually active women ages 20 - 25 and younger should be screened each year for chlamydia and gonorrhea. All women with new sexual partners or multiple partners should also be screened.
References
Birnbaumer DM, Anderegg C. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2009:chap 96.
Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1-110.
Meyers D, Wolff T, Gregory K, et al. USPSTF recommendations for STI screening. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77:819-824.
Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Bellevue, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
