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Alkalosis
Definition
Alkalosis is a condition in which the body fluids have excess base (alkali). This is the opposite of excess acid (acidosis).
Causes
The kidneys and lungs maintain the proper balance of chemicals, called acids and bases, in the body. Decreased carbon dioxide (an acid) or increased bicarbonate (a base) levels make the body too alkaline, a condition called alkalosis.
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by low carbon dioxide levels in the blood. This can be due to:
- Fever
- Being at a high altitude
- Lack of oxygen
- Liver disease
- Lung disease, which causes you to breathe faster (hyperventilate)
- Salicylate poisoning
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by too much bicarbonate in the blood.
Hypochloremic alkalosis is caused by an extreme lack or loss of chloride, which can occur with prolonged vomiting.
Hypokalemic alkalosis is caused by the kidneys' response to an extreme lack or loss of potassium, which can occur when people take certain diuretic medications.
Compensated alkalosis occurs when the body returns the acid - base balance to normal in cases of alkalosis, but bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels remain abnormal.
Symptoms
- Confusion (can progress to stupor or coma)
- Hand tremor
- Light-headedness
- Muscle twitching
- Nausea, vomiting
- Numbness or tingling in the face, hands, or feet
- Prolonged muscle spasms (tetany)
Exams and Tests
An arterial blood gas analysis and basic metabolic panel will confirm alkalosis and determine if it is respiratory alkalosis or metabolic alkalosis.
Other tests may be needed to determine the cause of the alkalosis. These may include:
Treatment
To treat alkalosis, your health care provider needs to find the cause.
For alkalosis caused by hyperventilation, breathing into a paper bag allows you to keep more carbon dioxide in your body, which improves the alkalosis. If your oxygen level is low, you may receive oxygen.
Some people need medications to correct chemical loss (such as chloride and potassium). Your health care provider will monitor your vital signs (temperature, pulse, rate of breathing, blood pressure).
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most cases of alkalosis respond well to treatment.
Possible Complications
- Arrhythmias
- Coma
- Electrolyte imbalance (such as hypokalemia)
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you become confused, unable to concentrate, or unable to "catch your breath."
A visit to the emergency room or call to the local emergency number (such as 911) is warranted for:
- Loss of consciousness
- Rapidly worsening symptoms of alkalosis
- Seizures
- Severe breathing difficulties
Prevention
Prevention depends on the cause of the alkalosis. Normally, people with healthy kidneys and lungs do not have significant alkalosis.
References
Seifter JL. Acid-base disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 120.
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
