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Niemann-Pick disease
Definition
Niemann-Pick disease refers to a group of diseases passed down through families (inherited) in which fatty substances called lipids collect in the cells of the spleen, liver, and brain.
There are four most commonly recognized forms of the disease: Types A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are also called Type I. Types C and D are also known as Type II.
Each type involves different organs and may or may not involve the central nervous system or respiratory system. Each one can cause different symptoms and may occur at different times throughout life, from infancy to adulthood.
Alternative Names
Sphingomyelinase deficiency
Causes
Niemann-Pick disease Type A and B occur when cells in the body lack an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). ASM helps break down (metabolize) a fatty substance called sphingomyelin, which is found in every cell of the body.
If ASM is missing or does not work properly, sphingomyelin builds up inside cells. This leads to cell death and makes it hard for organs to work properly. Type A occurs in all races and ethnicities, but higher rates are seen in the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jew population.
Niemann-Pick Type C occurs when the body cannot properly break down cholesterol and other fats (lipids). This leads to too much cholesterol in the liver and spleen and excessive amounts of other lipids in the brain.
There may be reduced ASM activity in some cells. Type C Niemann-Pick disease has been reported in all ethnic groups but it is most common among Puerto Ricans of Spanish descent.
Type D Niemann-Pick involves a defect that interferes with the movement of cholesterol between brain cells. It is now thought to be a variant of type C. This type of Niemann-Pick disease has only been found in the French Canadian population of Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia.
There may also be an adult-onset form of Niemann-Pick disease. It is sometimes referred to as Type E disease.
Symptoms
Type A usually begins in the first few months of life. Symptoms may include:
- Abdominal (belly area) swelling within 3 - 6 months
- Cherry red spot in the eye
- Feeding difficulties
- Loss of early motor skills (gets worse over time)
Type B symptoms are usually milder and occur in late childhood or adolescence. Abdominal swelling may occur in early childhood, but there is almost no brain and nervous system involvement, such as loss of motor skills. Some patients may have repeated respiratory infections.
Type C usually affects school-aged children, but the disease may occur any time between early infancy to adulthood. Symptoms may include:
- Difficulty moving limbs (dystonia)
- Enlarged spleen
- Enlarged liver
- Jaundice at (or shortly after) birth
- Learning difficulties and intellectual decline (dementia)
- Seizures
- Slurred, irregular speech
- Sudden loss of muscle tone which may lead to falls (cataplexy)
- Tremors
- Trouble moving the eyes up and down (vertical supranuclear gaze palsy)
- Unsteady gait, clumsiness, walking problems (ataxia)
Symptoms of Type D are similar to Type C.
Type E occurs in adults. Symptoms include swelling of the spleen and brain and nervous system (neurological) problems. Little is known about this rare type of Niemann-Pick disease.
Symptoms and disease progression of all forms of Niemann-Pick vary from person to person. Other, more common, diseases may cause symptoms similar to Niemann-Pick.
A person in the early stages of the disease may show only a few symptoms. Not every symptom will be seen in the later stages of the disease.
Exams and Tests
Type A and B are diagnosed by measuring the amount of ASM in white blood cells. The test can be done using a blood or bone marrow sample. Such testing can tell who has the disease, but does not reveal who may be carriers. DNA tests can be done to diagnose carriers of Type A and B.
A skin biopsy is usually used to diagnose Type C and Type D Niemann-Pick. Laboratory scientists will watch how the skin cells grow and study how they move and store cholesterol. DNA tests may also be done to look for the two genes that cause Niemann-Pick disease Type C.
Other tests might include:
- Bone marrow aspiration
- Liver biopsy (usually not necessary)
- Slit-lamp eye exam
- Sphingomyelinase assays
Treatment
At this time, there is no effective treatment for Type A.
Bone marrow transplantation has been performed on a few patients with Type B with encouraging results. Researchers continue to study possible treatments, including enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy.
There is no specific treatment for Type D. Recently a new treatment called miglustat has been approved for type C.
A healthy, low-cholesterol diet is recommended, although research into low-cholesterol diets and cholesterol-lowering drugs does not show that these methods stop the disease from getting worse or change how cells break down cholesterol. However, medicines are available to control or relieve many symptoms, such as cataplexy and seizures.
Support Groups
For more information, visit the National Niemann-Pick Disease Foundation website: www.nnpdf.org
Outlook (Prognosis)
Type A Niemann-Pick is a severe disease, which generally leads to death by age 2 or 3.
Those with Type B may live into late childhood or adulthood.
A child who shows signs of Type C before age 1 may not live to school age. Those who show show symptoms after entering school may live into their mid-to-late teens, with a few surviving into the 20s.
Possible Complications
- Blindness
- Brain damage with mental retardation and delayed development of physical skills
- Deafness
- Death
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have a family history of Niemann-Pick disease and you plan to have children. Genetic counseling and screening is recommended.
Call your health care provider if your child has symptoms of this disease, including
- Developmental problems
- Feeding problems
- Poor weight gain
Prevention
All types of Niemann-Pick are autosomal recessive. This means that both parents are carriers -- they each carry one copy of the abnormal gene without having any signs of the disease themselves.
When both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that their child will have the disease and a 50% chance that a child will be a carrier.
Carrier detection testing is only possible if the genetic defect is identified. The defects involved in Types A and B have been well-studied. DNA tests for these forms of Niemann-Pick are available.
Genetic defects have been identified in the DNA of many patients with Type C. It may be possible to diagnose people who carry the abnormal gene.
A few centers offer tests to diagnose a baby still in the womb.
References
NP-C Guidelines Working Group, Wraith JE, Baumgartner MR, Bembi B, Covanis A, Levade T, Mengel E, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and management of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Mol Genet Metab. 2009;98:152-165.
Stanley CA, Bennett MJ. Defects of metabolism in lipids. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 86.
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
