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Aicardi syndrome
Definition
Aicardi syndrome is a rare disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the structure that connects the two sides of the brain (called the corpus callosum) is partly or completely missing.
Causes
The cause of Aicardi syndrome is unknown at this time. In some cases, experts believe it may be a result of a gene defect on the X chromosome.
The disorder affects only girls.
Symptoms
Symptoms usually start when the child is between ages 3 and 5 months. The condition causes jerking (infantile spasms), a type of childhood seizure.
Aicardi syndrome may occur with other brain defects.
Other symptoms may include:
- Coloboma (cat's eye)
- Mental retardation
- Smaller-than-normal eyes (microphthalmia)
Exams and Tests
Children are diagnosed with Aicardi syndrome if they meet the following criteria:
- Corpus callosum that is partly or completely missing
- Female sex
- Seizures (typically beginning as infantile spasms)
- Sores on the retina (retinal lesions) or optic nerve
In rare cases, one of these features may be missing (especially lack of development of the corpus callosum).
Tests to diagnose Aicardi syndrome include:
- CT scan of the head
- EEG
- Eye exam
- MRI
Other procedures and tests may be done, depending on the person.
Treatment
Treatment is supportive. It involves managing seizures and any other health concerns, and using programs to help the family and child cope with delays in development.
Support Groups
Aicardi Syndrome Foundation - www.aicardisyndrome.org
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) - www.rarediseases.org
Outlook (Prognosis)
The outlook depends on how severe the symptoms are and what other health conditions are present.
Nearly all children with this syndrome have severe learning difficulties and remain completely dependent on others. However, a few have some language abilities and some can walk on their own or with support. Vision varies from normal to blind.
Possible Complications
Complications depend on the severity of symptoms.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if your child has symptoms of Aicardi syndrome. Seek emergency care if the infant is having spasms or a seizure.
References
Glasmacher MA, Sutton Vr, Hopkins B, Eble T, Lewis RA, Park Parsons D, et al. Phenotype and management of Aicardi syndrome: new findings from a survey of 69 children. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:176-184.
Kinsman SL, Johnston MV. Agenesis of the corpus callosum. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 585.8.
Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
