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Sigmoidoscopy
Definition
Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure used to see inside the sigmoid colon and rectum.
Alternative Names
Flexible sigmoidoscopy; Sigmoidoscopy - flexible; Proctoscopy; Proctosigmoidoscopy; Rigid sigmoidoscopy
How the Test is Performed
You will be asked to lay down on your left side with your knees drawn up toward your chest.
A gastroenterologist or surgeon will usually perform the test.
First, the doctor gently places a gloved and lubricated finger into your rectum to check for blockage and to gently enlarge (dilate) the anus. This is called a digital rectal exam.
Next, a flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope is placed through the anus and gently moved into your colon. This tool has a small camera attached to the end. Air is placed into the colon to open up the area and help the doctor see better. The air may cause the urge to have a bowel movement or pass gas. Suction may be used to remove fluid or stool.
Tissue samples may be taken with a tiny biopsy tool inserted through the scope. Polyps may be removed with heat (electrocautery). Images may be taken.
Sigmoidoscopy using a rigid scope may be done to treat problems of the anus or rectum.
How to Prepare for the Test
Your doctor or nurse will tell you how to prepare for the exam. This includes using a enema to empty your bowels. You usually take this about 1 hour before the sigmoidoscopy.
On the morning of the procedure, eat a light breakfast.
How the Test Will Feel
During the exam you may feel:
- Presssure when the scope or fingers are placed into your rectum
- Like you need to have a bowel movement
- Some bloating or cramping caused by the air or by stretching of the bowel by the sigmoidoscope
After the test, your body will pass the air that was introduced.
Children may be sedated for this procedure.
Why the Test is Performed
This test can help diagnose the cause of:
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea, constipation, or other changes in bowel habits
- Blood, mucus, or pus in the stool
- Weight loss
This test can also be used to:
- Confirm findings of another test or x-rays
- Screen for colorectal cancer or polyps
- Take a biopsy of a growth
Normal Results
Normal findings show that the lining of the sigmoid colon, rectal mucosa, rectum, and anus appear normal in color, texture, and size.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Abnormal results can indicate:
- Anal fissures
- Anorectal abscess
- Bowel obstruction
- Cancer
- Colorectal polyps
- Diverticulosis (abnormal pouches on the lining of the intestines)
- Hemorrhoids
- Hirschsprung's disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Inflammation or infection (proctitis)
Risks
There is a slight risk of bowel perforation (tearing a hole) and bleeding at the biopsy sites (the overall risk is less than 1 in 1,000).
References
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, Saslow D, Brawley OW. Cancer screening in the United States. 2010: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60:99-119.
Weinberg DS. In the clinic: colorectal cancer screening. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(3):ITC2-1-ITC2-16.
Kahn E, Daum F. Anatomy, histology, embryology, and developmental anomalies of the small and large intestine. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2010:chap 96.
Reviewed By: George F Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program San Diego, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
